Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder - 2370 Words

Abstract Bipolar Disorder is a mood disorder that affects approximately 2.6% of adults over the age of 18 years old in the United States. The disorder is characterized by mood shifts from low depressed states to high manic states. Little is known of what the causes of bipolar disorder are, but as technology advances more research is being done to pinpoint the areas of the brain that cause bipolar disorder and the shifts in mood. One intriguing area of study for a possible cause surrounds NMDA receptors and their role in synaptic plasticity. This paper will explore the possible alternative treatment that has arisen from the research into NMDA receptors and the use of the drug Ketamine, an NMDA antagonist. In studies, Ketamine treatments†¦show more content†¦Not knowing the exact causes of the disorder then makes finding the right treatment much more difficult. Without knowing what to target, doctors are left trying a wide range of medications, therapies and other treatments i n attempting to stabilize their patient’s often debilitating symptoms. In 2012, I was diagnosed with bipolar II disorder and since then have tried a variety of different medications and treatments to find a way to stabilize my moods. Recently, with the help of Lithium I have felt better and definitely more stable but far from cured and I am still always weary of having an episode. One of the hardest parts of living with bipolar disorder does not even have to do with its effects; it has to do with not knowing what causes myself and many other people around the world to feel this way and every new piece research that comes out brings us one step closer to figuring it out. New research is bringing the Glutamate Cycle and specifically the role of NMDA receptors, into conversations about their potential role in causing bipolar disorder and perhaps other disorders. NMDA receptors play a role in synaptic plasticity and this is adding to the hypothesis that increasingly more researchers have that synaptic plasticity plays an important role in causing mental disorders. Ketamine, an NMDA antagonist, has shown to produce rapid onset and prolonged relief of symptoms for patients with bipolar disorder administered the drug. These results

Sigmund Freud And Alfred Adler - 1867 Words

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the fundamental theory established by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. The areas of study for the theories they established were in personality and mental health. Sigmund Freud established the stages of personality and aspects of the human mind. Alfred Adler studied the individual as a whole. Their theories were quite different, but their main conflict was over the influence of sexuality in the human mind. Compare and Contrast: Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler Two of the well known and respected names in psychology today are Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. As psychologists in the study of the human mind, their theories varied greatly. Freud began with his belief that much of the human†¦show more content†¦While in Paris, Freud was fascinated by Charcot s use of hypnosis to treat hysteria, but upon returning to Vienna, Freud experimented with hypnotherapy but found it to be in effective in as long term treatment option. Freud decided to study and work alongside Josef Breuer. Breuer used a method of cathartic treatment where he hypnotized patients suffering from hysteria and then had them recall the first time they experienced the physical symptoms like one of the earlier symptoms she suffered from. This method of allowing the patient to speak uninhibitedly about her symptoms brought out repressed emotions. Following this catharsis the symptoms would disappear. (Fancher, 1990, p.355) Freud tried the new cathartic method and found it to be far more effective in treatment than hypnotherapy. This area of study helped shape the new area of study called psychoanalysis. (Fancher, 1990, p. 356) But even as he was inventing and refining this new field of psychoanalysis:, Freud was becoming increasingly convinced of the connection between neurosis and sexual conflict. (Sigmund, 2013). Freud used this connection to develop his theory of development in childhood. The five stages of development are oral, Anal, phallic, latent, and genital and were instrumental to the construction of the human mind. Freud s psychosexual development theory is widely known and highly criticized. Freud s earlier thoughts on the human mindShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud and Alfred Adler1426 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler were pioneers and both had a phenomenal impact on the world of psychology. However, while they were raised in the same era, came from the same city and were educated at the same university, they had decidedly different views regarding personality theories (Schultz, 1990, p. 120). Freud and Adler were both colleagues in the psychoanalytic movement that Freud started. However, because of personality differences and vastly contrasting views about personality theoriesRead MoreThe Personality Theories Of Sigmund Freud And Alfred Adler999 Words   |  4 Pagestheories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Within this paper, the background of the theorist will be discussed along with personality theories. This paper will also provide description some of the major principles of personality theories to include lifespan personality changes, gen der and culture. The last section will be a personal opinion, why and conclusion of the theories how it can be conceptualized regarding my own family situation. History Over the years every time you hear the Sigmund FreudRead MoreSigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, C.J. Jung and William James Essay2117 Words   |  9 PagesSigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, C.J. Jung and William James were all brilliant and diverse theorists who made vast contributions to the science of psychological studies. These brilliant minds fueled the psychological studies of future theorists with their contrasting theoretical approaches and discoveries. At times, they collaborated to formulate concepts and understandings but separated because of conceptual disputes. Freud’s psychoanalysis theory was at the epicenter of some studies but these menRead MoreTheoretical Views Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesin history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James. Each psychologist’s mentioned has proposed their own reasoning behind the psychological functions and causes of human behavior. Each doctor of psychology has their own perspect ive as to why a person behaves the way that they do. Take Sigmund Freud for instance, he believed the unconscious mind had a strong influence on human behavior. (Cherry, 2011). According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influenceRead MoreEssay on Theoretical Positions of Jung, Adler, and Freud1471 Words   |  6 Pagesquantify and validate early structuralist perspectives in psychology, early functionalists were hard at work developing theories that were more qualitative in nature. Although not directly associated with the functionalism movement, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James were clearly most concerned with how psychology could improve the lives of the individual and less inclined to laboratory research. Through each psychologist’s theory, the underlying tone is how one can identifyRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1019 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted from Hippocrates’ theory that argues that personality traits are based on four different sections. This heavily influenced modern personality psychology. Three important psychologists helped shape the way humans define the term personality. Alfred Adler is one of these psychologists. Alder had a tendency to change his theory on personality throughout his life, but he believed that people are focused on maintaining control over their lives. He believed in single drive or motivating force behindRead MorePsychological And Social Aspects Of Psychological Criticism1660 Words   |  7 Pagesof mind of the characters, and the aims of the author. Freud (1856–1939) depicts a diagram to explain the system of psychological internal work. This plan is a â€Å"topographical† map that classifies thought into three sorts: conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Later, he assumes the latter as a basic introduction to his theory. In turn, his schemes consider three contradictory forces: the biological, psychological and social aspects. Freud argues that human behavior is controlled by two things:Read MorePsychoanalytic Psychology : Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment1427 Words   |  6 Pagestrial, and error, have made psychology into the discipline that it has become today. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler are just a few scholars that have helped psychology become the science studied today. One must remember that these men are psychologists, yet they all possessed very different views and theories from one another. Sigmund Freud Probably one of the best known psychologist’s is Sigmund Freud; he has been the most influential on psychodynamic ideas. His psychodynamic therapyRead More250 Week 2 Psycho963 Words   |  4 Pagestheorists such as Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, and Alfred Adler all developed their theories to describe personality. To better understand the mentioned theorist’s beliefs it is necessary to compare and contrast the various psychoanalytic theories characteristics as well as to make mention of the portions that are agreeable or disagreeable. Also, the stages of Sigmund Freuds theory and Freudian defense mechanisms will be conversed. Comparison and Contrast of Psychoanalytical Theories Freud, Jung, andRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of Personality Development1130 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine their personality patterns later in life. And lastly, Sigmund Freud postulated that Personality consists of id, ego, and superego. This, in turn, is subdivided into ages and stages, from birth through to adolescent age. The theory of Psychoanalysis was propounded by Sir Sigmund Freud in 1896. However, this was not the date of conceptualization. The theory of Psychoanalysis was developed between 1856 and 1939. In 1896 Sigmund Freud made public his theory of psychoanalysis for the first time

Linguistic Diversity free essay sample

With that conveyed, I of course, believe that providing a child with quality linguistic diverse classrooms will allow them to grow and learn in a more successful way. Therefore, in this thesis, I will discuss the importance of having family and cultural involvement in language acquisition, formal English in the early childhood classroom and last but not least immersion programs. Let us first define what linguistic miscellany is. Linguistically and culturally diverse is an educational term used by the U. S. Department of Education to define children enrolled in educational programs who are either non-English-proficient (NEP) or limited-English-proficient (LEP). Educators use this phrase, linguistically and culturally diverse, to identify children from homes and communities where English is not the primary language of communication. † (Garcia 1991). First learning the families and cultural involvement in language acquisition is essential.In this day and time, one must respect the issue of language in the child’s home. I have come to find in my experience with home visits and conferences that different cultures have different ways of communicating. Research has shown that the substance of family framework in verbal communication achievement is significant as to the â€Å"talkativeness in families in influencing language acquisition rather than the family’s socioeconomic status or ethnic group identity.Differences in language use were attributed to the complex family culture—not simply due to socioeconomic status or ethnic group identity. † (Otto, 2010)Just as your families, have rules for the household as to when children talk and when adults talk, so do other cultures. In some cultures or ethnic background, children are not allowed to talk unless they are spoken too. They are pretty uch seen and not heard to an extend. Other cultures I have found that the child is allowed to say no matter how respectful or disrespectful it may be. However, the research has showed that children who are allowed to talk more have been found to score higher in language skills such as vocabulary growth and use. Therefore, these children tend to be more social and successful in all areas of development.Our text states there are five quality features in parents’ language interaction with their children that we can look at to help access them: †¢ Language diversity: the variation and amount of nouns and modifiers used by the parents, †¢ Feedback tone: the positive feedback given to children’s participation in the interaction, †¢ Symbolic emphasis: the emphasis placed on focusing on names and associated relations of the concepts and the recall of those symbols, †¢ Guidance style: parental interaction that used asking rather than demanding in eliciting specific behavior from the child and, †¢ Responsiveness: parental responsiveness to requests or questions initiated by children. (Otto, 2010) All these qualities can help you find the best way to build with the families and child’s language skills. In looking at the qualities of co mmunication with children, we also need to look at the educational activities in the classroom.Instruction activities in the classroom should involve specific types of communication and relations. When teachers are looking at formal English, â€Å"they must remember that the second language must first target language in oral conversational form prior to being able to effectively acquire the academic register and written form used educational setting. † (Otto, 2010) Three approaches that involve precise language competencies related to formal English and academic register. They are: †¢ Cognitive includes written and hands on resources. The strategy must include the procedure that uses the cognitive processes. †¢ Metacognitive includes resources that evaluate their success.Once a child begins to reflect on their own learning, they can then begin to notice how they learn, how others learn and how they might amend how they learn to become more successful. This process may include organizing or planning, managing, monitoring, and then evaluating their learning process. †¢ Social-affective would be a teamwork activity with peers. It can include asking questions to simplify information or self-talking with positive statements. Formal English in the classroom becomes essential in learning especially when moving into higher grades in both verbal and written communication. Finally yet importantly, we need to look at immersion programs. In immersion programs, the intended language is used to instruct regular educational topics such as math and science.Students are then expected to achieve the same standards in these subjects as students learning through the medium of their first language. Immersion programs have goals that include: †¢ â€Å"advanced levels of functional proficiency in second language reading, writing, speaking and listening comprehension; †¢ age-appropriate levels of home language competence; †¢ grade-appropriate levels of academic achievement in non-language subjects, such as mathematics; and †¢ an understanding and appreciation of the culture of the target language group. † (LIC, 2008) Teachers in positions that include immersion programs should be flu ent in both the language being taught and their first language.Success rates are immense in the United States and continue to sore in the classrooms. Providing opportunities to build language skills is essential in today’s society. We have so many different ethnical and cultural backgrounds. Each language brings a unique and imperative characteristic. We must continue to improve our language skills in ourselves and in the classroom. We do want all students to be victorious and achieve their goals at the highest level possible. I believe it would be a mind-numbing world if we did not have the diversity in this great country of ours. In review, this thesis looked at how family and cultural involvement in language acquisition is important.

Why We Cant Wait By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Example For Students

Why We Cant Wait By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Why We Cant Wait By Martin Luther King Jr. While reading Dr. Kings novel, I was able to get an uncensored idea of what African Americans went through in their struggle for civil rights. I cannot comprehend the extent to which they suffered while protesting, and it would be ignorant of me to think that I could understand. The many people who fought with Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights understand something about this country that I am only beginning to discover. I can only hope this shameful part of our history is never repeated. I felt a sense of disgust and shame while reading about the events of the Civil Rights struggle in Birmingham, Alabama. I have always heard that they would used dogs and water hoses to push back crowds, but I always got the sense that it was some kind of chaotic protesting on the part of the African Americans. I cannot believe that people who live in a country based on freedom of speech and the other rights in the Constitution would try to stop peaceful protests and demonstrations in such a manner. How could people think that this kind of oppression was tolerable and that the blacks did not have a right and freedom to protest? Part of me wanted to be there to help make a difference and join in the struggle, but part of me was also really afraid just by reading about the events in Birmingham. The people who protested with Dr. King showed a tremendous amount of courage and passion that could not be put out by fire hoses or dogs. I do not think that anyone, who has not been the victim o f the extreme oppression that the blacks were victims of for hundreds of years, could understand why the civil rights movement was necessary at that time. Dr. King realized that you cannot wait for people to change their attitudes or beliefs, you have to help them see the error of their beliefs. It is easy for someone who is not being oppressed to tell you to wait. When you and your families are the victims of oppression and violence, you reach a breaking point when you realize that things need to change now. Dr. King had the courage to say that publicly, and people followed him in the struggle because of that courage. When you believe in something that much nothing, not even death can stop the struggle. Even after Dr. King was assassinated, his legacy lived on. His legacy was something that was stronger than the racists attitudes in this country and there was nothing they could do to stop his legacy. Our country has come a long way the events in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. Each da y we come closer to being the country that Martin Luther King, Jr. envisioned, and I hope we get there soon. I look forward to the day that we can say as a country that oppression and racism were the biggest mistakes of our country and they are a thing of the past that shall never be relived by anyone. BibliographyKing, Martin Luther. Why We Cant Wait